See part 1 here.
A
A is an indefinite article, for example, a drink (it is any drink, not a specific one). A is used for countable nouns.
The
The is a definite article, it refers to a certain thing, for example, the shop (not any shop, you mean a specific one). The can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns. For example, the car, the traffic.
Some
Some can also be used for countable and uncountable nouns. For example, some cars, some traffic.
This
This is a demonstrative pronoun that can be used with countable and uncountable nouns. For example, this car, this traffic. If it is a plural countable noun, these is used. Example- these cars.
Each/every
This can only be used for countable nouns. Example- each car, every car NOT each traffic, every traffic.
Much/many
Much is used for uncountable nouns and many is used for countable nouns. Example, there is not much traffic, there are many cars.
A little
This is only used for uncountable nouns. Example- there is a little traffic.
A few
A few is for countable nouns. Example- there are a few cars.
Summary
Determiners we only use with uncountable nouns: a little, much
Determiners we only use with countable nouns: a, many, a few, each, every, these
Determiners we can use for countable nouns and uncountable nouns- the, this, some
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